REFERENCES

Online Databases

General databases with range maps, photos, and more:

I use these every day for many reasons.

A Community for Naturalists · iNaturalist

Taxonomic databases:

These are excellent when facing any confusion with scientific names, e.g. which is valid or what old ones are considered now.

International Plant Names Index (ipni.org) (find any plant’s scientific name)

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (itis.gov) (easy to navigate lists of names / taxonomic indices)

Home (worldfloraonline.org) (definitive current accepted names)

Other useful databases:

The National Gardening Association (planting guides, flower / fruit seasons)

FNA (floranorthamerica.org) (technical description of plant taxa, ID keys)

Flora of North America @ efloras.org (ID keys for plants)

Texas specific:

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center – The University of Texas at Austin (excellent resource for plant info)

Native Plant Society of Texas (npsot.org)

California specific:

Calflora – A non-profit database providing information on wild California plants (excellent resource for plant ID and info)

Phonetic pronunciation:

IPA i-charts (2023) (internationalphoneticassociation.org) (phonetic guide to use for pronouncing American Indian words)

Insects / Arthropods:

Welcome to BugGuide.Net! – BugGuide.Net (photographic and taxonomic database)

Minerals:

Mindat.org – Mines, Minerals and More (includes mapping of deposits)

Foraging Guides

Falling Fruit (GIS mapping of edible fruits in urban areas)

Tull, Delena. 1987. Edible & useful plants of Texas & the southwest: a practical guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

Plant Identification

Texas:

Tull, Delena and George Oxford Miller. 1999. Wildflowers, trees, and shrubs of Texas. Taylor Trade Publishing, Lanham MD.

Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

Hatch, Stephan L., Umphres, Kelly C., and A. Jenét Ardoin. 2015. Field guide to common Texas grasses. Texas A& M University Press, College Station, TX.

California:

Hickman, James C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Plant References

Augenbraum, Harold (ed.) and Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez. 2013. Narrative of the Narváez expedition. Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Chicago, IL.

Baegert, Johann Jakob, S.J. 1979. Observations in Lower California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Bandelier, A. F. 1890. Final report of investigations among the Indians of the southwestern United States, carried on mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885. Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series III. Cambridge University Press.

Banks, William H. 1953. Ethnobotany of the Cherokee Indians. Master of Science Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

Banta, S. E. 1911. Buckelew the Indian Captive: or the life story of F. M. Bucklew while a captive among the Lipan Indians in the western wilds of frontier Texas as related by himself. The Mason Herald, Mason, TX.

Barrows, David Prescott. 1967. The ethno-botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California. Malki Museum Press, Banning CA.

Basso, Keith H. 1970. The Cibecue Apache. Holt, Rinehart And Winston. New York, NY.

Basso, Keith H. and Morris E. Opler (eds.). 1971. Apachean culture history and ethnology. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.

Battey, Thomas C. 1875. Life and adventures of a Quaker among the Indians. Lee and Shepard, Publishers, Boston, MA.

Beals, Ralph L. 1943. The aboriginal culture of the Cáhita Indians. Ibero-Americana 19. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Bean, John Lowell and Katherine Siva Saubel. 1972. Temalpakh (from the earth): Cahuilla Indian knowledge and usage of plants. Malki Museum Press, Banning CA.

Bell, Willis H. and Edward F. Castetter. 1941. The utilization of yucca, sotol, and beargrass by the aborigines in the American Southwest. The University of New Mexico Bulletin. Biological Series 5(5). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Berlandier, Jean Louis. 1969. The Indians of Texas in 1830. Ewers, John C. (ed), Leclerq, Patricia Reading (transl.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Blair, Emma Helen (transl. and ed.). 1911. The Indian Tribes of the upper Mississippi valley and region of the Great Lakes: as described by Nicolas Perrot, French commandant in the Northwest; Bacqueville de la Potherie, French royal commissioner to Canada; Morrel Marston, American army officer; and Thomas Forsyth, United States agent at Fort Armstrong. Vol. 1. The Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland, OH.

Blankinship, J.W. 1905. Native Economic Plants of Montana. In Thomas, David Hurst (ed.) 1986. An Ethnobiology Source Book: The Uses of Plants and Animals by American Indians. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York, NY.

Bolton, Herbert Eugene (transl. and ed.) 1930. Anza’s California expeditions 4: Font’s complete diary of the second Anza expedition. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Bushnell, David I., Jr. 1909. The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 48. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones. 1939. Some notes on uses of plants by the Comanche Indians. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 25:517-542.

Castañeda 1904. The journey of Coronado, 1540-1542: from the City of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska as told by himself and his followers. Translated and edited, with an introduction by George Parker Winship. A. S. Barnes & Company, New York, NY.

Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler. 1936. The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: the use of plants for foods, beverages, and narcotics. The University of New Mexico Bulletin: Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest. Biological Series 4(5). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill. 1935. The ethnobiology of the Papago Indians. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest 2. The University of New Mexico Bulletin 275. Biological Series 4(3). University of New Mexico Press, Albequerque, NM.

Catlin, George. Caddo Indians Gathering Wild Grapes. 01.2148. 1852. Tulsa: Gilcrease Museum, https://collections.gilcrease.org/object/012148 (04/22/2019).

Chamberlin, Ralph V. 1911: The ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):330-384.

Chesnut, V. K. 1902. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Clavijero, Francisco Javier. 1852. Historia de la Antigua ó Baja California. De San Vicente, Nicolas Garcia (transl.). Imprenta De Juan R. Navarro (ed.), Mexico.

Coville, Frederick Vernon. 1892. The Panamint Indians of California. The American Anthropologist V. Judd & Detweiler, Printers, Washington, DC.

Coville, Frederick Vernon. 1897. Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):86-109. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Crown, Patricia L., Emerson, Thomas E., Gu, Jiyan, Hurst, W. Jeffrey, Peuketat, Timothy R., and Timothy Ward. 2012. Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia. PNAS 109(35):13944-13949.

Dixon, Roland. B. 1905. The Huntington California expedition: the Northern Maidu. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 17(part III):119-346.

Dixon, Roland. B. 1907. The Shasta. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin 17(5).

Densmore, Frances. 1928. Uses of plants by the Chippewa Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology 44:276-397.

Dodge, Richard Irving. 1959. The Plains of the great West and their inhabitants; being a description of the Plains, game, Indians, &c. of the great North American desert. Archer House, New York, NY.

Dutcher, B. H. 1893. Piñon gathering among the Panamint Indians. The American Anthropologist 6:377-380.

Dyer, J. O. 1917. The Lake Charles Atakapas (cannibals) period of 1817 to 1820. Galveston, TX.

Ebeling, Walter. 1986. Handbook of Indian Foods and Fibers of Arid America. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Edwards, Adam L. and Bradley C. Bennett. 2005. Diversity of methylxanthine content in Ilex cassine L. and Ilex vomitoria Ait.: assessing sources of the North American stimulant cassina. Economic Botany 59(3):275-285.

Elmore, Francis H. 1943. Ethnobotany of the Navajo. The University of New Mexico Bulletin, Monograph Series 1(7). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Elsasser, Albert B. 1979. Explorations of Hernando Alarcón in the Lower Colorado River region. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1(1):8-37.

Felger, Richard Stephen, and Mary Beck Moser. 1985. People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.

Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896. A contribution to ethnobotany. The American Anthropologist 9(1):14-21.

Forde, Daryll C. 1931. Ethnography of the Yuma Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 28(4):83-278. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Foster, William C. (editor) 1998. The La Salle expedition to Texas: the journal of Henri Joutel, 1684-1687). Translated by Johanna S. Warren. Texas State Historical Association. Austin, TX.

Fowler, Catherine S. 1990. Tule technology: northern Paiute uses of Marsh resources in western Nevada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Fritz, Gayle K. 1993. Archaeobotanical analysis. In Early, Ann M. (ed). 1993. Caddoan saltmakers in the Ouachita valley: the Hardman site. Arkansas Archaeological Survey research series 44. Fayetteville, AR.

Garcés, Francisco. 1900. On the trail of a Spanish pioneer: the diary and itinerary of Francisco Garcés in his travels through Sonora, Arizona, and California 1775-1776. Francis P. Harper, New York, NY.

Gayton, A. H. 1948. Yokuts and Western Mono ethnography II: Northern Foothill Yokuts and Western Mono. Anthropological Records 10(2):143-302. University of California Press, Berkeley CA.

Gilmore, Melvin Randolph. 1977. Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri river region. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE.

Goodrich, J., Lawson, C., and Lawson, V. P. 1980. Kashaya Pomo plants. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.

Gifford, Edward Winslow. 1931. The Kamia of Imperial valley. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 97. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Hammett, Julia E. and Elizabeth J. Lawlor. 2004. Paleoethnobotany in California. In Minnis, Paul E. (ed.). 2004. People and plants in ancient western North America. Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC.

Hart, Jeffrey A. 1979. The ethnobotany of the Flathead Indians of western Montana. Botanical Museum Leaflets 27(10):261-307. Harvard University. Cambridge, MA.

Hart, Jeffrey A. 1981. The ethnobotany of the northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55.

Hatcher, Mattie Austin. 1927a. Description of the Tejas or Asinai Indians, 1671-1722, I. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 30(3):206-218. Texas State Historical Association.

Hatcher, Mattie Austin. 1927b. Description of the Tejas or Asinai Indians, 1671-1722, II. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 30(4):283:304. Texas State Historical Association.

Hatcher, Mattie Austin. 1927c. Description of the Tejas or Asinai Indians, 1671-1722, III. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 31(1):50-62. Texas State Historical Association.

Hatcher, Mattie Austin. 1927d. Description of the Tejas or Asinai Indians, 1671-1722, IV. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 31(2):150-180. Texas State Historical Association.

Heintzelman, Samuel P. 1853. Official report of Samuel P. Heintzelman. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 28(1):89-102.

Hellson, John C. and Morgan Gadd. 1974. Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper 19. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Hernando, Francisco. 1790. Medici atque historici 1: de historia plantarum novae Hispaniae. Matriti. Ex Typographia Ibarrae Heredum. Modified from the edition of 1651.

Hough, Walter. 1897. The Hopi in relation to their plant environment. The American Anthropologist 10(2):33-47.

Hough, Walter. 1898. Environmental Interrelations in Arizona. American Anthropologist 11(5):133-155.

Hrdlička, Aleš. 1908. Physiological and medical observations: among the Indians of southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology 34(8):1-427. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Irwin, Charles N. The Shoshoni Indians of Inyo County, California: the Kerr manuscript. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History 15. Wilke, Philip J. and Albert B. Elsasser (eds.)

Jacknis, I. 2004. Notes toward a culinary anthropology of Native California. In Food in California Indian culture. ed. Jacknis, I. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, CA.

Janzen, D. H. and P. S. Martin. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms: the fruit the gomphotheres ate. Science 215:19-27.

Jones, Stanley D., Wipff, Joseph K, and Paul M. Montgomery. 1997. Vascular plants of Texas: a comprehensive checklist including synonymy, bibliography, and index. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

Kavanagh, Thomas W. (ed.). 2008. Comanche Ethnography: field notes of E. Adamson Hoebel, Waldo R. Wedel, Gustav G. Carlson, and Robert H. Lowie. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.

Kelly, William H. 1977. Cocopa ethnography. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 29. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.

Kress, Margaret Kenney, Solís, Fray Gaspar José de, and Mattie Austin Hatcher. 1931. Diary of a visit of inspection of the Texas Missions made by Fray Gaspar José de Solís in the year 1767-68. Southwestern Historical Quarterly 35(1)28-76.

Kroeber, Theodora. 1961. Ishi in two worlds: a biography of the last wild Indian in North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Kurz, Rudolph Friederich. 1970. Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz: An account of his experiences among fur traders and American Indians on the Mississippi and the Upper Missouri Rivers during the years 1846 to 1852. Translated by Jarrell, Myrtis. Edited by Hewitt, J.N.B.. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Latorre, Dolores L. and Felipe A. Latorre. 1977. Plants used by the Mexican Kickapoo Indians. Economic Botany 31(3):340-357.

La Vere, David. 2006. Life among the Texas Indians: the WPA narratives. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.

Lewis, David Jr. and Ann T. Jordan. 2002. Creek Indian medicine ways: the enduring power of Mvskoke religion. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Leighton, Anna L. 1985. Wild plant use by the Woods Cree (Nihīthawak) of east-central Saskatchewan. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 101. National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canda.

Lightfoot, K. G. and O. Parrish. 2009. California Indians and their environment. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Mails, Thomas, E. 1974. People called Apache. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Mason, Otis Tufton. 1904. Aboriginal American basketry: studies in a textile art without machinery. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.

Mayhall, Mildred Pickle. 1939 The Indians of Texas: the Atákapa, the Karankawa, the Tonkawa. Phd Thesis, The University of Texas, Austin, TX.

Mead, George R. 1972. The ethnobotany of the California Indians: a compendium of plants, their users, and their uses. Museum of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO.

Meigs, Peveril. 1939. The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California. Ibero-Americana 15. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Metzler, Susan and Van Metzler. 1992. Texas mushrooms: a field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

McClintock, Walter. 1909. Materia medica of the Blackfeet. Zeitshrift für Ethnologie 51:273-279.

Munson, Patrick J. 1981. Contributions to Osage and Lakota Ethnobotany. Plains Anthropologist 26(93):229:240.

Ohlendorf, Sheila M., Bigelow, Josette M., and Mary M. Standifer (trans). 1980. Journey to Mexico during the years 1826 to 1834 by Jean Louis Berlandier. Vol. 2. The Texas State Historical Association, Austin, TX.

Perez de Ribas, Andres. 1645. Historia de los triumphos de nuestra Santa Fee entre gentes las mas barbaras y fieras del nuevo orbe: conseguidos por los soldados de la milicia de la compañia de Jesus en las missiones de la provincia de Nueva España. Por Aloso de Paredes, juto a los Estudios de la Compañia. Madrid, Spain.

Powers, S. 1877. Tribes of California. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Robbins, Wilfred William, Harrington, John Peabody, and Barbara Freire-Marreco. 1916. Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 55. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford. 1952. Karok Ethnobotany. Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Schultes, Richard Evans. 1937. Peyote and plants used in the Peyote Ceremony. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 4(8):129-152.

Shinn, George Hazen. 1941. Shoshonean days: recollections of a residence of five years among the Indians of Southern California, 1885-1889. The Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, CA.

Smith, Ann M. 1974. Ethnography of the Northern Utes. Papers in Anthropology No. 17. Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, NM.

Smith, Huron H. 1923. Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(1):1-174.

Smith, Huron H. 1932. Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(3):327-525.

Swanton, John Reed. 1996. Source material on the history and ethnology of the Caddo Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.

Swanton, John Reed. 2001. Source material for the social and ceremonial life of the Choctaw Indians. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.

Train, Percy, Heinrichs, James R., and W. Andrew Archer. 1974. Medicinal uses of plants by Indian tribes of Nevada. In Grosscup, Gordon L. Northern Paiute archaeology. Paiute Indians 4. Meacham, Alfred B. Notes on Snakes, Paiutes, Nez Perces at Malheur Reservation. Garland Publishing Inc., New York, NY.

Varner, John Grier and Jeannette Johnson Varner (transl. and ed.). 1988. The Florida of the Inca: a history of the Adelantado, Hernando de Soto, Governor and Captain General of the kingdom of Florida, and of other heroic Spanish and Indian cavaliers, written by The Inca, Carcilaso de la Vega, an officer of His Majesty, and a native of the great city of Cuzco, capital of the realms and provinces of Peru. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

Vestal, Paul A. And Richerd Evans Schultes. 1939. Economic botany of the Kiowa Indians: as it relates to the history of the tribe. Botanical Museum, Cambridge, MA.

Vogel, Virgil J. 1970. American Indian Medicine. The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK.

Waugh, F. W. 1916. Iroquis [sic] foods and food preparation. Geological Survey Memoir 86(12):1-235. Canada Department of Mines. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada.

Whittemore, Isaac T. 1893. Among the Pimas: the mission to the Pima and Maricopa Indians. The Ladies’ Union Mission School Association, Albany, NY.

Winship, George Parker (ed). 1904. The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, NY.

Williams-Dean, Glenna Joyce. 1978. Ethnobotany and cultural ecology of prehistoric man in southwest Texas. PhD Dissertation, Texas A&M University.

Zigmond, Maurice L. 1981. Kawaiisu ethnobotany. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.

Ximenez, F. 1888. Cuatro libros de la naturaleza y virtudes de las plantas y animales, de uso medicinal en la Nueva Espana – Mexico, Oficina tip. de la Secretaria de fomento. 1st ed., Mexico, 1615.

Insect References

Blackburn, T (1976). A query regarding the possible hallucinogenic effects of ant ingestion in South-Central California. The Journal of California Anthropology 3: 78-81.

Fradkin, A (1990). Cherokee Folk Zoology: The Animal World of a Native American People, 1700-1838, Garland, New York.

Hewlett, B. S. (1991). Intimate Fathers: The Nature and Context of Aka Pygmy Paternal Infant Care, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Hitchcock, S. W. (1962). Insects and Indians of the Americas. Entomological Society of America Bulletin 8: 181-187.

Kelly, I. X (1964). Southern Paiute Ethnography, University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 69.

Lee, R. B. (1965). Subsistence Ecology of IKung Bushmen, Unpublished Ph.D, thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Leechman, D. (1944). Further light on “wooden tubes” from Oregon. American Antiquity 9:451.

M. M. (1918). The uses of insect galls. American Naturalist 52: 155-176.

Madsen, D. B. (1986). Leap and grab: Energetic efficiency tests of cricket use. Paper presented at the Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Las Vegas.

Madsen, D. B., and Madsen, B. D. (1987). One man’s meat is another man’s poison

Madsen, D. B., and Kirkman, J. E. (1988). Hunting hoppers. American Antiquity 53: 593-604.

Olkowski, H., and Olkowski, W. (1976). Entomophobia in the urban ecosystem, some observations and suggestions. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 22: 313-317.

Schafer, H. J. (1986). Ancient Texans: Rock Art and Lifeways Along the Lower Pecos, Texas Monthly Press, San Antonio.

Skinner, A. (1910). The use of insects and other invertebrates as food by North American Indians. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 18: 264-267.

Sutton, M. Q. (1985). The California salmon fly as a food source in northeastern California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 7: 176-182.

Sutton, M. Q. (1988). Insects as Food: Aboriginal Entomophagy in the Great Basin, Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 33.

Weaver, R. A, and Basgall, M. E. (1986). Aboriginal exploitation of pandora moth larvae in east-central California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 8: 161-179.

(many more references to add…)